home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=89TT0377>
- <title>
- Feb. 06, 1989: The Gap Between Will And Wallet
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Feb. 06, 1989 Armed America
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NATION, Page 32
- The Gap Between Will and Wallet
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Should students perform national service to pay for college?
- </p>
- <p>By Walter Shapiro
- </p>
- <p> National service -- the image of a vast civilian army of
- fresh-faced young people embarking on a crusade of good works
- -- has always held romantic appeal for adults safely beyond
- draft age. Utopian visionary Edward Bellamy originally broached
- the notion more than a century ago. Philosopher William James
- alluded to it in his famous 1910 essay, "The Moral Equivalent
- of War." Franklin Roosevelt in 1943 spoke of a postwar America
- where young adults would make a "year's contribution of service
- to the Government." At the height of the Viet Nam buildup,
- Defense Secretary Robert McNamara proposed compulsory national
- service as a remedy for the inequities of the military draft.
- Now, amid the first stirrings of a rebirth of altruism, the idea
- has been revived by congressional Democrats eager to inspire
- what Georgia Senator Sam Nunn calls "a new spirit of citizenship
- and civic obligation in America."
- </p>
- <p> Voluntary national service has long been widely popular; in
- an early 1988 Gallup poll, 83% of those surveyed endorsed the
- concept. The problem is that given free choice, few 18-year-olds
- are likely to sign on at subsistence wages to empty bedpans or
- monitor naptime in day-care centers. Existing state and local
- programs that foster community-service apprenticeships have been
- unable to tap the wellsprings of middle-class idealism; in 1987
- almost all the 7,000 young adults enrolled in such programs came
- from low-income families. The sad truth is that any major
- commitment to national service requires either a pay scale much
- higher than McDonald's or the heavy hand of federal coercion.
- </p>
- <p> Last week Nunn and an ideologically diverse group of
- Democratic legislators kicked off the most ambitious drive for
- national service in more than a generation. They envision a
- Citizens Corps that would enlist as many as 1 million young high
- school graduates to spend at least a year working for $100 a
- week in places like hospices and homeless shelters in their
- local communities. The volunteers would also have the option of
- entering the armed forces at wage rates significantly below
- those of regular soldiers. The national-service proposal --
- originally developed by sociologist Charles Moskos and the
- Democratic Leadership Council -- is poised between threat and
- reward. "It's just this side of compulsion," says Moskos, who
- teaches at Northwestern University, "but we don't cross the
- line."
- </p>
- <p> The crux of the Nunn plan is the draconian requirement that
- by the mid-1990s, aspiring college students (with a few narrowly
- drawn exceptions) would have to serve in the civilian or
- military branches of the Citizens Corps before they could
- receive federal aid for higher education. No altruism, no
- college degree -- except for those youngsters from families rich
- enough to pay full tuition. The other half of the bargain
- consists of a generous educational stipend: a $10,000 voucher
- for each year of civilian service or $24,000 after a two-year
- military hitch.
- </p>
- <p> The sponsors of the Citizens Corps acknowledge that the
- proposal may need to be modified to meet political and
- practical objections. "But what makes this plan workable is the
- connection between benefits and service," argues Oklahoma
- Congressman Dave McCurdy. "If there is a simpler way to go to
- college that doesn't require service, it's human nature that
- people will take it."
- </p>
- <p> Not surprisingly, congressional defenders of existing
- higher-education programs are militantly opposed to the
- punitive aspects of the Nunn plan. In response to critics who
- contend that the legislation is inequitable, Nunn counters that
- "poor people now are being hurt because they will be indentured
- for many, many years paying back college loans." Yet the price
- tag for the Federal Government may also be an obstacle in an era
- of budget austerity. Even though the Nunn plan is predicated on
- cashing in much of the nearly $5 billion currently spent on
- grants to college students, there are as yet no hard estimates
- of the Citizen Corps's actual cost. Using small-scale state
- voluntary-service programs as a model, Moskos theorizes that $5
- billion would cover roughly 500,000 civilian participants.
- </p>
- <p> But something important is lost if the debate over the Nunn
- plan is limited to this narrow terrain. The revival of interest
- in national service raises philosophical questions that cut to
- the heart of American democracy. What civic obligations do young
- adults have to the nation in time of peace? Does the Government
- have the right to use its powers to compel individual good
- works? Should the opportunity to pursue higher education be an
- entitlement, or should it be transformed into a reward for
- Government-sanctioned behavior?
- </p>
- <p> Americans have always been rightfully chary about
- unnecessary governmental coercion. Yet there is a consensus that
- the recent expansion of the concept of individual rights has
- eroded a sense of collective responsibility. Whether it is AIDS
- patients dying alone, neglected children or the isolated
- elderly, there are problems that erode the civic compact and
- cannot be solely remedied by conventional Government programs.
- And while national service is unlikely to replicate the
- diversity of a World War II Army platoon, it could lessen some
- of the barriers of social class and race that divide Americans.
- As Maryland Senator Barbara Mikulski puts it, "You know you've
- changed when maybe for the first time in your life you think
- about somebody other than yourself."
- </p>
- <p> National service should not be regarded as a painless
- panacea for all these ills of materialism gone amuck. Nor should
- the heavy-handed coercion of the Nunn plan be regarded as the
- only model. Mikulski, for example, is working on a $2 billion
- program that would trade a $3,000 annual educational voucher for
- part-time community service. Whatever the framework, national
- service holds the potential to help bridge the chasm between
- will and wallet. Maybe after a century the time is finally ripe
- for a bold new experiment in American idealism.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-